الإسلام وإشكالية التحولات المدنية والحداثة مقاربة نقدية لأفكار برنارد لويس

Abstract

Our paper discusses an American theorist who firmly believes in the impossibility of modernity and the establishment of society and a civil state in the Islamic world, or believes that Muslims have lacked since the fifteenth century AD - the ninth century AH three important capabilities: the ability of conquests, superior combat experience, the ability to manage global trade and benefit from its outputs, and the ability to own the platform of science, and those who preached their religion by it, but these capabilities moved to the West because Muslims fell into the trap of exercising arbitrary power in conquests and lost high techniques for trade by reliability.  Relying on rentier economics and fought some jurists reason, philosophy and logic and avoided research in nature and closed the diligence in the humanities lost the platform of knowledge and because of that prevailed they have deadly ideas impossible to achieve progress and civil and what they fell into the distinction between Muslim and non-Muslim and between free and slave and man and woman and Dar al-Islam and the House of infidelity in addition to that the reformist tendencies have failed to discover Islam enlightened from the era of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani until now has met these ideas a set of responses: 

• Lewis's thesis is based on ideological precedents
• Reconsidering the jurisprudence and conducting a historical review is not impossible for scholars, including the Shiite thought presented the theory of a constitutional state that resists tyranny.  
• The views of Lewis are not a firm universal law, but it is an impression and diligence biased and opposed by civil development experiences in Malaysia, Iran, Turkey and Singapore, all of which are Islamic countries in the course of research a lot of details

Bernard Lewis states that the collapse of the great civilizations in front of the first Islamic advance was an earthquake with which no civilization is imagined to be ahead of the civilization of Muslims, because it was